First stab at VerifyHostKeyDNS
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Florian Obser
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VerifyHostKeyDNS.org
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VerifyHostKeyDNS.org
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#+Title VerifyHostKeyDNS
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#+SUBTITLE: ... or how I enroll new hosts into my infrastructure.
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#+DATE: 2023-12-14
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* Prologue
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I run my own infrastructure. I self-host my email, DNS, this website,
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a [[https://git.tlakh.xyz/explore/repos][git server]], [[https://restic.net/][backups]], and probably a bunch of other stuff that I
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forgot about. Ah yes, [[https://icinga.com/][monitoring]], Ubiquiti uniFi for my Wi-Fi access
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points at home and probably even more stuff.
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All of it running [[https://openbsd.org/][OpenBSD]], except for one machine running [[https://debian.org/][debian]]. It's
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all tied together with [[https://www.ansible.com/][ansible]][fn:: I started out with ansible,
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switched to salt stack and moved back to ansible. Because reasons.].
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So far it's eight machines and I was reinstalling and consolidating
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some VMs and physical machines. Hooking up new machines became
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annoying.
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* StrictHostKeyChecking
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My ansible orchestration host needs to be able to talk to new machines
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over ssh. New machines need to talk to the backup server over ssh and
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submit passive check results over ssh to the monitoring server. The
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monitoring server needs to talk to new hosts over ssh[fn:: I don't
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trust nrpe. I have seen the code. Instead I use ~by_ssh~ to monitor
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hosts. Ansible adds an ssh public-key to a monitoring user with a
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force-command. The force-command is a shell-script switching over
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~${SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND}~ to run specific check_commands. It does not
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trust the remote ssh at all.].
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So we have the issue of existing infrastructure needing to verify
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host-keys of new hosts and new hosts needing to verify host-keys of
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existing infrastructure. One way to deal with this is to run a [[https://www.lorier.net/docs/ssh-ca.html][CA,
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sign host-keys with it and roll certificates out]].
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I on the other hand prefer to use DNS[fn:: I have a laptop sticker and
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travel mug with "We reject kings, presidents and voting. We believe in
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rough consensus and running code." crossed out with "Fuck that! Just
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put it in DNS." I also have a RUN DNS sticker. I am biased]. [[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4255][RFC4255]] provides
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facilities to store host-keys in SSHFP resource records in DNS and we
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can secure those with DNSSEC.
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* VerifyHostKeyDNS
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[[https://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5#VerifyHostKeyDNS][ssh_config(5)]] explains how [[https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1][ssh(1)]] can use SSHFP records to verify
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host-keys:
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#+begin_example
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VerifyHostKeyDNS
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Specifies whether to verify the remote key using DNS and SSHFP
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resource records. If this option is set to yes, the client will
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implicitly trust keys that match a secure fingerprint from DNS.
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Insecure fingerprints will be handled as if this option was set
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to ask. If this option is set to ask, information on fingerprint
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match will be displayed, but the user will still need to confirm
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new host keys according to the StrictHostKeyChecking option. The
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default is no.
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#+end_example
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One problem with this is, if you put
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#+begin_example
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Host *
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VerifyHostKeyDNS yes
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#+end_example
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into your =.ssh/config= it will not work. The magic is /secure
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fingerprint/. What the man page means is that a DNS answer for SSHFP
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needs to have the /Authentic Data (AD)/ flag set. The flag gets set
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when a validating name-server is asked for the SSHFP record, it finds
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it and it can validate the answer using DNSSEC.
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But then the libc stub resolver[fn:: The thingy that ssh uses to talk
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to the validating name-server. On OpenBSD that is [[https://man.openbsd.org/man3/asr_run.3][asr]].] gets that
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answer it will strip the AD flag for security reasons. You see, it
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does not know that it can trust the validating name-server. One way to
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have a trustworthy validating name-server is to run one on localhost.
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[[http://man.openbsd.org/resolv.conf#trust-ad][resolv.conf(5)]] explains the *trust-ad* option:
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#+begin_example
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trust-ad A name server indicating that it performed DNSSEC
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validation by setting the Authentic Data (AD) flag
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in the answer can only be trusted if the name
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server itself is trusted and the network path is
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trusted. Generally this is not the case and the
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AD flag is cleared in the answer. The trust-ad
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option lets the system administrator indicate that
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the name server and the network path are trusted.
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This option is automatically enabled if
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resolv.conf only lists name servers on localhost.
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#+end_example
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The easiest way is to run [[https://man.openbsd.org/unwind.8][unwind(8)]]. [[https://man.openbsd.org/resolvd.8][resolvd(8)]] will then add
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=nameserver 127.0.0.1= into =/etc/resolv.conf= and comment out all
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other dynamically learned name servers. Just make sure that you are
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not using any static configured name servers[fn:: I use ~! route
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nameserver $if 149.112.112.9 2620:fe::9 9.9.9.9 2620:fe::fe:9~ in my
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main [[http://man.openbsd.org/hostname.if.5][hostname.if(5)]] to add some static name servers in case unwind(8)
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crashes[fn:: Not sure why it would do that though. Sounds
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unpleasant.].] because you really want to have only =nameserver
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127.0.0.1= in there.
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* Putting it all together
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When I install a new host I have out of band access in one way or
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another. It might be a serial console, a fake html5 console or some
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KVM contraption. Heck, I even used [[https://blog.eulinux.org/2018/07/hetzner-install.html][qemu]] to get OpenBSD running on some
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Hetzner physical machine.
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On the installed machine I use said out of band access to run
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#+begin_src shell
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ssh-keygen -l -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
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#+end_src
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This gives me one ssh host-key fingerprint and I can then login over
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ssh.
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I then run
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#+begin_src shell
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ls /etc/ssh/*.pub | xargs -n1 ssh-keygen -r $(hostname) -f
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#+end_src
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and copy & paste the result into my DNS zone file along side A and
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AAAA records for legacy IP and IPv6. I use [[https://www.powerdns.com/][PowerDNS]] as a hidden DNSSEC
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signer so I paste into the editor ~pdnsutil edit-zone~
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provides.
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While still logged in I install python3 and add an ssh-key for
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ansible. I then add the host to the ansible inventory. The ansible
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orchestrator can now finish the installation of the host over ssh
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while trusting the SSHFP it finds in DNS.
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The newly installed host knows that it's talking to my backup and
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monitoring server using their published SSHFP records.
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